Technical documentation for environmental indicators used in the ILoveNatura platform

RGB satellite imagery
0.40 credits/per_km2
High resolution RGB imagery
3.20 credits/per_km2
Land Surface Temperature
0.60 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of each pixel over the selected period
3.00 credits/per_km2
Difference between the annual mean of each pixel in two distinct periods
3.00 credits/per_km2
Night Land Surface Temperature
0.60 credits/per_km2
Urban Thermal Field Variance Index
0.80 credits/per_km2
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of each pixel over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Difference between the annual mean of each pixel in two distinct periods
1.20 credits/per_km2
Normalized Difference Water Index
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of each pixel over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Difference between the annual mean of each pixel in two distinct periods
1.20 credits/per_km2
Normalized Difference Moisture Index
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of each pixel over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Difference between the annual mean of each pixel in two distinct periods
1.20 credits/per_km2
Artificial light intensity
0.60 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of each pixel over the selected period
0.80 credits/per_km2
Difference between the annual mean of each pixel in two distinct periods
1.00 credits/per_km2
Built-up Surface Fraction
0.60 credits/per_km2
Population Density
0.60 credits/per_km2
Aridity index based on the ratio of precipitation to evapotranspiration
0.20 credits/per_km2
Hydrogeological flood risk
0.80 credits/per_km2
Evapotranspiration
0.60 credits/per_km2
Degree of Urbanization
0.60 credits/per_km2
Protected natural areas
2.00 credits/
European ecosystems classification
0.04 credits/per_km2
Wildlife corridors
0.10 credits/per_km2
Stepping stone habitats
0.10 credits/per_km2
Ecological transition areas
0.10 credits/per_km2
Carbon stock overview
1.20 credits/per_km2
Current above-ground biomass carbon
1.20 credits/per_km2
Current below-ground biomass carbon
1.20 credits/per_km2
Current total biomass carbon
1.20 credits/per_km2
Current soil organic carbon
1.20 credits/per_km2
Current total carbon stock
1.60 credits/per_km2
Unrealized AGB carbon potential
1.60 credits/per_km2
Unrealized BGB carbon potential
1.60 credits/per_km2
Unrealized biomass carbon potential
1.60 credits/per_km2
Unrealized SOC potential
1.60 credits/per_km2
Unrealized total carbon potential
2.00 credits/per_km2
Future unrealized carbon potential
2.00 credits/per_km2
Future carbon potential change
2.00 credits/per_km2
Active fire detection
0.60 credits/per_km2
Socioeconomic indicators
0.40 credits/per_km2
Harmonized World Soil Database
0.40 credits/per_km2
Distance to green areas
0.60 credits/per_km2
Distance to small gardens
0.60 credits/per_km2
Distance to parks
0.60 credits/per_km2
Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration analysis over time
0.20 credits/per_km2
Formaldehyde concentration
0.60 credits/per_km2
Methane (CH4) concentration analysis over time
0.20 credits/per_km2
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration analysis over time
0.20 credits/per_km2
Ozone (O3) concentration analysis over time
0.20 credits/per_km2
Sulfur dioxide concentration
0.60 credits/per_km2
UV aerosol index
0.60 credits/per_km2
Fertilizer pollution overview
0.60 credits/per_km2
Nitrogen fertilizer pollution
0.60 credits/per_km2
Phosphorus fertilizer pollution
0.60 credits/per_km2
Potassium fertilizer pollution
0.60 credits/per_km2
Toxic metals soil pollution
0.80 credits/per_km2CLC computation prerequisite for biodiversity maps (MSA, PA, NS, NP, FA)
0.02 credits/per_km2Soil impermeability
0.02 credits/per_km2Natural and Agricultural Areas
0.02 credits/per_km2Spectrum device heatmap
PollyX device heatmap

Extreme weather events

Cultural and artistic heritage POIs
3Bee Oasi ecological features
Water risk assessment using WRI Aqueduct data
5.00 credits/fixedEvaluates species presence against IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5.00 credits/fixedFull biodiversity report with data aggregation, charts, and AI analysis via Google Docs
5.00 credits/fixedAI-powered analysis and commentary on monitoring data using Gemini
3.00 credits/fixedMean Species Abundance
2.00 credits/per_km2MSA Climate Change component
1.60 credits/per_km2MSA Infrastructure component
1.60 credits/per_km2MSA Fragmentation component
1.60 credits/per_km2MSA Land Use - Plants
1.60 credits/per_km2MSA Land Use - Animals
1.60 credits/per_km2
Pollination Abundance
2.00 credits/per_km2
PA - Soil excavators nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Sand excavators nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Underground cavities nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Wetland cavities nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Vegetated cavities nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Artificial nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
PA - Coastal area nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
Nesting Sites suitability
2.00 credits/per_km2
NS - Soil excavators
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Sand excavators
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Underground cavities
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Wetland cavities
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Vegetated cavities
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Artificial nesting
1.20 credits/per_km2
NS - Coastal areas
1.20 credits/per_km2Nectariferous Potential
1.60 credits/per_km2Flowering Area
1.60 credits/per_km2Change in the site's yearly mean temperature compared with 1950-1970 according to the climate models, with temperatures corrected on the observed ERA5-Land value.
0.50 credits/fixedWind speed and direction analysis over time
0.30 credits/fixedDays per year in heat waves (at least 6 consecutive days hotter than the local normal) and how rare such a year would have been in the 1995-2014 climate. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.30 credits/fixedExtended periods of extremely low temperatures impacting infrastructure and operations. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.30 credits/fixedTotal precipitation (rain + snow) analysis over time
0.50 credits/fixedLong-term change in precipitation patterns impacting land productivity.
2.30 credits/fixedRisk of wildfires threatening structures, grounds, and air quality.
2.40 credits/fixedHealth and productivity risk from prolonged excessive heat conditions.
0.60 credits/fixedDays per year with maximum temperature above 35 °C, with the same classes for every site. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
3.10 credits/fixedViolent storms with hurricane-force winds and risk of structural failure.
0.60 credits/fixedProlonged water scarcity with operational restrictions and increased costs. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.50 credits/fixedProgressive land degradation with loss of productivity and land value. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.50 credits/fixedRisk of flooding with structural damage and operational disruption.
0.50 credits/fixedHow dry the site's climate is at baseline, from the aridity index (annual precipitation / potential evapotranspiration) with the UNEP climate classes, from humid to hyper-arid. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.60 credits/fixedSoil drought: how dry the upper soil layer is in the year compared with 1950-1970, with the US Drought Monitor classes. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
1.00 credits/fixedHealth risk from air pollution and associated mortality rates. The euro amount comes from the days with PM2.5 above 25 µg/m³ (OECD 2025), not from mortality.
0.10 credits/fixedSignificant landslides expected per km² per year around the site, triggered by rainfall or earthquakes, from the World Bank global landslide hazard map (Arup 2021).
2.20 credits/fixedDecline of local ecosystem health impacting ecosystem services like pollination.
2.40 credits/fixedSeismic risk with potential structural damage ranging from minor to catastrophic.
0.10 credits/fixedRisk from ash, lahars, and pyroclastic flows with potential destruction. For this risk xNatura shows the class only, with no euro amount.
0.10 credits/fixedSea surface temperature anomalies impacting coastal ecosystems and ocean-dependent operations.
0.50 credits/fixedRecurring high-tide flooding, salinization, and progressive coastal land loss.
0.10 credits/fixedRisk of storm surge flooding with structural damage and corrosion.
0.10 credits/fixedShoreline retreat impacting foundations, infrastructure, and access routes.
0.10 credits/fixedChanges in ocean pH impacting marine ecosystems and ocean-dependent operations.
0.30 credits/fixedHistorical analysis of mean, max and min temperatures over time
1.00 credits/fixedClimate temperature projections based on SSP scenarios
1.00 credits/fixedRainfall precipitation analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedDistribution of weather codes and atmospheric conditions
1.00 credits/fixedCloud cover mean analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedFAO reference evapotranspiration analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedSnowfall precipitation analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedApparent (feels-like) temperature mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedDaylight duration analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedActual sunshine hours analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedWind gusts mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedShortwave solar radiation analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedDew point mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedRelative humidity mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedAtmospheric pressure (MSL) mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedWet bulb temperature mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedSoil moisture analysis at various depths over time
1.00 credits/fixedSoil temperature analysis at various depths over time
1.00 credits/fixedRiver discharge analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedPM10 particulate matter analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedPM2.5 fine particulate matter analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedCarbon dioxide (CO2) concentration analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedSulphur dioxide (SO2) concentration analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedAerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedDust concentration analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedUltraviolet radiation index analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedUV index under clear sky conditions analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedEuropean Air Quality Index (EAQI) analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedUS Air Quality Index (US AQI) analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedLandslide and erosion risk assessment based on past events
1.00 credits/fixedDistances from geographical features and urban centres
1.00 credits/fixedKPI based on proximity and coverage of protected areas
Historical analysis of total, mean and max precipitations over time
1.00 credits/fixedClimate precipitations projections based on SSP scenarios
1.00 credits/fixedWind speed and direction analysis for the year
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical analysis of mean, max and min temperatures over time
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical analysis of total precipitations over time
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical rainfall precipitation analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical wind speed mean, max and min analysis over time
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil moisture analysis at 0-7 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil moisture analysis at 7-28 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil moisture analysis at 28-100 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil moisture analysis at 0-100 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil temperature analysis at 0-7 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil temperature analysis at 7-28 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil temperature analysis at 28-100 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedHistorical soil temperature analysis at 0-100 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean, max and min temperature
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of total precipitations
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of rainfall precipitation
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of snowfall precipitation
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean and max wind speed
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of shortwave solar radiation
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of FAO reference evapotranspiration
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean cloud cover
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean, max and min dew point
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean, max and min relative humidity
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of mean atmospheric pressure
1.00 credits/fixedClimate projections of soil moisture at 0-10 cm depth
1.00 credits/fixed
Mismanaged plastic waste flowing from rivers into oceans (kg/year)
0.20 credits/per_km2
Normalized Difference Turbidity Index - measures water turbidity at 10m resolution
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of water turbidity over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Water turbidity change between two annual periods
1.20 credits/per_km2
Estimates water visibility depth in meters (transparency)
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of water transparency over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Detects floating algae and aquatic vegetation on water surface
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of floating algae over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Floating algae change between two annual periods
1.20 credits/per_km2
Maximum Chlorophyll Index - detects and quantifies intense algal blooms
0.80 credits/per_km2
Annual mean of algal bloom intensity over the selected period
1.00 credits/per_km2
Percentage of time water was detected (1984-2021, JRC, 30m)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Changes in surface water over time (permanent, seasonal, lost, new)
0.40 credits/per_km2Subnational infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births, CIESIN 2015 data)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Proportion of original biodiversity remaining (BII). Values near 1 indicate pristine ecosystems.
0.40 credits/per_km2
Cumulative human pressure on ecosystems (0–1 scale). Combines infrastructure, land use, population density, and night lights.
0.40 credits/per_km2
Classification of soil loss by water erosion (RUSLE, 2020 data)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Soil organic carbon content in the topsoil layer (0–30cm depth). Higher values indicate richer, healthier soils with greater carbon sequestration potential.
0.40 credits/per_km2
Pixel-level deforestation history (2001–2023). Each pixel records the year tree cover was lost.
0.40 credits/per_km2
Tree cover canopy height in meters (WRI DataLab, 10m)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Net greenhouse gas flux from forests. Negative = carbon sink, positive = carbon source. Units: Mg CO₂e/ha/yr.
0.40 credits/per_km2
Near-real-time deforestation alerts (UMD GLAD, 30m)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Cumulative tree cover gain (WRI DataLab, 5m)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Change in forest canopy height at 30m resolution. Shows tree growth (gain) and height loss (logging, storms).
0.40 credits/per_km2
Percentage of impervious surface cover per pixel (30m)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Soil erosion risk classification (RUSLE, 2020 data)
0.40 credits/per_km2
Global wetland extent from GLWD-3 (11 classes): lakes, reservoirs, rivers, marshes, swamp forests, coastal wetlands, bogs.
0.40 credits/per_km2Shows when each pixel was first built-up across four time periods (before 1975, 1975-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2020)
0.60 credits/per_km2Forest landscape restoration opportunities (~1km). Classes: wide-scale, mosaic, remote restoration.
What would grow without human interference. 15 biome classes (Ramankutty & Foley 1999). Restoration benchmark.
Combined amphibian and mammalian species richness at ~10km resolution. Each cell shows total known species count.

Annual mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at ~10km. WHO guideline: <5 μg/m³. Values >25 indicate unhealthy air.

Travel time to the nearest city (>50,000 pop) in minutes. Low = urban/accessible, high = remote. 2015 snapshot.

Gridded total GDP per capita at ~10km resolution (2015). Derived from national accounts and sub-national GDP estimates. Values in millions USD PPP.

National GDP per capita gridded at ~10km (2015). World Bank PPP estimates. Useful for socioeconomic context of biodiversity sites.
Gridded population estimates at ~100m resolution (WorldPop, 2020). Total population count per grid cell.
Create a buffer zone around geometries
0.20 credits/flatMerge all features into a single geometry
0.10 credits/flatReduce geometry complexity while preserving shape
0.10 credits/flatCalculate the bounding box of all features
0.10 credits/flatCalculate the convex hull of all features
0.10 credits/flatCalculate the centroid of all features
0.10 credits/flatMerge features by a shared property
0.20 credits/flatSplit multi-geometries into individual features
0.10 credits/flatRivers, lakes, canals and seas from OpenStreetMap
0.10 credits/per_km2AI-assisted GIS editor conversation
0.10 credits/flat
Terrain slope map in degrees (0-90), derived from the SRTM digital elevation model at 30m resolution. Useful for soil stability analysis, landslide risk, agricultural planning, and water runoff assessment.
0.10 credits/per_km2
Hydrological flow accumulation map: for each pixel, shows how many upstream pixels drain to that point. High values indicate runoff concentration (rivers, channels). Derived from the MERIT Hydro DEM at 90m.
0.10 credits/per_km2
Hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model (MERIT Hydro). Artificial depressions are filled and SRTM errors corrected to ensure continuous water flow. Resolution 90m.
0.10 credits/per_km2
Stream network map derived from MERIT Hydro. Shows rivers and channels identified by thresholding upstream drainage area (>1 km2). Color indicates basin size: thin channels (light blue) to major rivers (dark blue).
0.10 credits/per_km2
D8 flow direction map: for each pixel, indicates which of the 8 adjacent pixels water flows to following the steepest descent. Derived from the MERIT Hydro DEM at 90m.
0.10 credits/per_km2
Estimated soil loss in tonnes per hectare per year (t/ha/yr) computed using the RUSLE equation (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation). Combines rainfall erosivity (CHIRPS), soil erodibility (OpenLandMap), slope length and steepness (SRTM + MERIT Hydro), and vegetation cover (Sentinel-2 NDVI). Resolution 30m.
0.30 credits/per_km2
Structural wildfire susceptibility (0-1) computed as weighted overlay of vegetation type (ESA WorldCover), summer NDVI (Sentinel-2), aridity index, and summer LST (Landsat 8/9). Mediterranean Italy AHP approach.
0.30 credits/per_km2Noise pollution exposure index (0-1) computed as weighted overlay of distance to major roads (OSM), railways (OSM), airports (OSM), urban built-up density (GHSL), and industrial/commercial land (OSM). Global proxy approach, compatible with EU END directive.
0.30 credits/per_km2Geological Map of Greece (EAGME 500K) — 91 lithological-stratigraphic units from the Hellenic Survey of Geology and Mineral Exploration
2.00 credits/
Composite surface runoff risk index (0-1) combining flow accumulation (MERIT Hydro), impervious surfaces (Copernicus 30m) and inverted terrain slope (NASA SRTM 30m). High values mark flat impervious areas where rainwater concentrates and cannot infiltrate.
0.10 credits/per_km2
Change in forest canopy height at 30m resolution. Shows tree growth (gain) and height loss (logging, storms). 2000-2024 extended variant, derived from Hansen GFC v1.12 and ETH Global Canopy Height 2020 (approximation of the GLCLUC 7-class scheme).
0.40 credits/per_km2AI evaluation of an ESG report PDF against industry benchmarks
5.00 credits/flatRender a saved report as HTML via the report-generator service
1.00 credits/flatGenerate a single AI-written field for a report template
1.00 credits/flatImport an existing PDF into the report-generator pipeline
2.00 credits/flat
Geological Map of Italy — INSPIRE-harmonised 1:100K geological vector data published by ISPRA Servizio Geologico d'Italia (CC-BY 4.0). 8,934 dissolved lithostratigraphic units covering mainland, Sicily and Sardinia.
2.00 credits/Geological Map of Spain — IGME-CSIC OneGeology 1:1M geological vector data (CC-BY 4.0). 16,041 lithostratigraphic units covering the Iberian peninsula, Balearic and Canary Islands.
2.00 credits/
ISPRA national mosaic (2020-2021) of landslide hazard zones from the Hydrogeological Setting Plans (PAI), harmonised into 5 classes: attention areas AA and hazard from moderate P1 to very high P4. Source: IdroGEO platform (CC BY-SA 4.0).
2.00 credits/
ISPRA national mosaic (2020) of hydraulic (flood) hazard zones for the 3 scenarios of Legislative Decree 49/2010 (Floods Directive 2007/60/EC): P1 low, P2 medium, P3 high probability. Source: IdroGEO platform (CC BY-SA 4.0).
2.00 credits/
Harmonised Europe-wide map of agricultural land use systems (ESDAC/JRC), derived by integrating the Copernicus High Resolution Layers on grassland and cropland (2017-2021). Classifies EEA38 agricultural land into level-2 classes: permanent grassland, permanent crops, arable systems, ley cropping systems, land use change, inconsistencies and data gaps. 10 m resolution. Source: ESDAC/JRC, European Commission (Fahl et al. 2026).
0.04 credits/per_km2Fuel-type map derived from 3Bee Land Cover (CLC): each land-cover class is mapped to one of 5 fuel models (non-burnable, grassland, shrub, forest, cropland). Consistent with the FireScope spread model and available anywhere Land Cover is computed, including outside Europe.
0.02 credits/per_km2
Wetlands of international importance (Ramsar Convention)
2.00 credits/
Walking distance to the nearest public green space of at least 1 ha as mapped in OpenStreetMap (3-30-300 rule)
1.00 credits/per_km2
Predicted richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal virtual taxa, root symbionts of crops and grasslands (VT per 100 m²).
0.40 credits/per_km2
Predicted richness of ectomycorrhizal fungal OTUs, symbionts of tree roots (OTUs per 100 m²).
0.40 credits/per_km2
Most likely EUNIS habitat type (level 3) of every 100 m cell, machine-learning map 2018-2022 (Si-Moussi et al. 2025, CC-BY 4.0)
0.04 credits/per_km2How often the site is hit by gusts of at least 90 km/h, from the ERA5 yearly maximum gusts since 1940, with the damage to buildings (FEMA Hazus curves).
0.10 credits/fixedHow often the site gets at least 30 cm of snow in one day in the lowlands or 60 cm in the mountains (MeteoSwiss level 4), with the damage to roofs (xNatura estimate).
0.10 credits/fixedHow often a hurricane or typhoon brings the site wind able to cause structural damage (at least category 1), from 10,000 years of simulated cyclones (STORM).
0.10 credits/fixed