Degree of urbanization is an indicator of the presence and extent of urban areas within the study area. It classifies the territory based on population density and infrastructure, providing information on anthropic pressure on the environment and natural habitats.
Urbanization is one of the main drivers of global biodiversity loss: the conversion of natural habitats into artificial surfaces reduces ecological connectivity, fragments ecosystems and alters local hydrological and climate cycles. Understanding the degree of urbanization is essential for sustainable land-use planning and environmental impact assessment.
The indicator is based on the GHSL-SMOD classification (Global Human Settlement Layer — Settlement Model), produced by the JRC (Joint Research Centre) of the European Commission:
10 — Water11 — Rural, very low density12 — Rural, low density13 — Rural cluster21 — Suburban22 — Semi-dense urban cluster23 — Dense urban cluster30 — Urban centreUnit: categorical classification (SMOD classes)
| Code | Name | Provider | Resolution | Availability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
WRD_GHSMD_99 | GHSL Settlement Model | JRC / European Commission | 1 km | 1975 — present |
| SMOD Class | Description | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
30 | Urban centre | High density, maximum anthropic pressure |
23 | Dense urban cluster | Dense urbanization |
22 | Semi-dense urban cluster | Moderate urbanization |
21 | Suburban | Peri-urban areas, medium pressure |
13 | Rural cluster | Small rural settlements |
12 | Rural, low density | Rural areas with low pressure |
11 | Rural, very low density | Natural/agricultural areas with minimal pressure |
10 | Water | Water bodies |
The degree of urbanization classifies the area based on population density and infrastructure. Source: GHSL Settlement Model (SMOD). Classes: 10=Water, 11=Rural very low density, 12=Rural low density, 13=Rural cluster, 21=Suburban, 22=Semi-dense urban cluster, 23=Dense urban cluster, 30=Urban centre.